ARTICLES,
PUBLICATIONS &
DOCUMENTS
 The Circassians By Amjad Jaimoukha |
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E N O C I D E
The Circassian
Genocide
By Antero Leitzinger
The Eurasian Politician - Issue 2 (October 2000)
The
Massacre in History
Article by Eric
Sterling, Studies on War and
Genocide, Idea Journal, Jan. 2001
Mark Levene and Penny Roberts (eds)
Vol. 1 in the series War and Genocide, Oxford and New York:
Berghahn Books, 1999.
Includes ‘The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?’ By
Stephen D. Shenfield
The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?
By Stephen D. Shenfield
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The massacre of the Circassians, a forgotten people, serves as the subject
of Stephen D. Shenfield’s essay. The Circassians were forced to resettle
after the tsarist conquest of their territory. Their homeland rested in the
northwestern Caucasus and on the northeastern shore of the Black Sea--along
the southern border of the Russian empire. Before the Russian invasion,
Circassia possessed two million people and an area of 55,663 square
kilometers. They fought against Russian invasions from 1763-1864 and
ultimately were defeated, with many Circassians being deported to Turkey.
The decision to deport the Circassians came in 1860; the Russians invaded
from the north, accompanied by mobile columns of riflemen and Cossack
cavalry; four thousand Circassian families left for Turkey. In 1862, Russian
soldiers burned Circassian villages and trampled the crops; those who fled
died in the forests and mountains of hunger and exposure. The Russian
General Babich took his soldiers south, burning Circassian villages along
the way. In May 1864, the remaining Circassians bonded together in a
frenzied battle and emerged triumphant over the Russian invaders; the
victory, however, proved to be short-lived because the Russians returned
with more artillery and soundly defeated the Circassian men and women;
dissatisfied by only killing the Circassian adults, the triumphant Russian
soldiers sought out the children and shot cannon shells at them.
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Campaign for "Recognition of Abkhazia"
Abhazya'nın
Bağımsızlığının Tanınmasını İstiyoruz - İmza Kampanyası için tıklayınız...
Who are Circassians?
History of Circassians
Circassians in History
By Paul B. Henze, May 2007
Map To Illustrate, Circassia 1840
By James Strauss Bell
Circassian Resistance to
Russia
By Paul B. Henze / From the book ''The North Caucasus Barrier''
Russian-Circassian War 1763 - 21 May 1864
By
Isam Hatk, Journal "Al-Waha"-"Oasis",
Amman, 1992
The Russo - Circassian War
By Kadir Natho, ''CBA''
The Date of the Beginning the
Russo-Caucasian War and the War's First Stage (1762-1774)
Worldwide Circassian Brotherhood
Defeat and Deportatiton
By Walter
Richmond / From his book ''The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, Future''
The Place of the Ottoman
Empire in the Russo - Circassian War (1830 - 1864)
A Master Thesis by İbrahim Köremezli, Bilkent Universty,
Ankara, September 2004
The First ‘Circassian Exodus’ to the Ottoman
Empire (1858-1867), and the Ottoman Response,
Based on the Accounts of Contemporary British Observers
A Master Thesis by Isla Rosser-Owen, MA Near and Middle Eastern
Studies, SOAS, University of London, 2007
Some Notes on the Settlement of
Northern Caucasians in Eastern Anatolia and Their Adaptation Problems
(the Second Half of the XIXth Century - the Beginning of the XXth Century)
By Georgi Chochiev (North
Ossetian State University)
& Bekir Koç (Ankara
University, Turkey), Journal of Asian History, 2006
Some
Aspects of Social Adaptation of the North Caucasian Immigrants in the Ottoman
Empire
in the Second Half of the XIXth Century (on the Immigrants’ Applications to
Authorities)*
By Georgi Chochiev, Researcher,
North Ossetian Institute for Social Studies and Humanities, Russian Academy of
Sciences
The Society of
Circassian Unity and Its Publication: ‘İttihad Gazetesi’ (Cairo, 1899)
By Georgi Chochiev
The Fall of Circassia: A
Study in Private Diplomacy
By Peter Brock, The English Historical Review, July, 1956
The ‘‘Voluntary’’ Adherence of
Kabarda (Eastern Circassia) to Russia
By Aytek Namitok, Caucasian Review, Munich (CRM), No. 2, 1956, P.
17 ff
Exile
Maps Of The Circassians and Abkhazians
The
Reports and the Testimonies About Russian - Circassian War and the Circassian
Genocide
Brief Information About 1864 Circassian Exile
By Halim Hambet,
Professor,
Historical Science
Doctor in KBR University
From Terror to Terrorism: the Logic on the Roots of Selective Political Violence
The Eurasian Politician - July 2004, by Anssi Kullberg and
Christian Jokinen
(Including information about Circassian Genocide)
Resolution
on the Situation of the Circassian People
Resolution of the General Assembly of the Unrepresented Nations
and Peoples Organization (UNPO), 15 - 19 July 1997
Resolution of UNPO About Abkhazia
UNPO Resolution on the Issue of the Repatriation of Deported Abkhaz during
the Russian Caucasian War and the Legitimacy of the regime Sanctions against
Abkhazia, 26 June 2005
Documents in The US Library of Congress Archives
Various books, articles, images
News & Articles on the
Circassians in The New York Times Archives
Documents in The National Archives of the
UK
Documents List about Circassians in The National Archives of
the UK
The
North West Caucasus and Great Britain
By George Hewitt, Professor of
Caucasian Languages, SOAS, London University
Circassians Demand Russian Apology For 19Th Century
Genocide
Paul Goble, Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty Caucasus
Report
Adygs
Ask European Parliament To Recognize Genocide of XVIII-XIX Centuries
AdygeNatPress, 12 October
2006
Russian State Duma Did Not Recognize Genocide Against Adygeyan (Circassian) Nation
Treatment of Shamil and
Muridism By Soviet Historians
from the Book: “Muridism” A Study of the Caucasian Wars 1819-1859,
by M. I. Quandour
Of
Christianity, Enlightenment, and Colonialism: Russia in the North Caucasus,
1550-1800
By Michael Khodarkovsky. The Journal of
Modern History 71/2, 1999
Claiming Kabarda: The Contest for
Empire in North Caucasia from the Conversion of Korgoka Konchokin to the Treaty
of Kuchuk Kainardja
By Sean Pollock, Ph.D. Candidate, History Department, Harvard
University
A New Line
in Russian Strategic Thinking and in North Caucasia
By Sean Pollock, Russian and East European Historians’ Workshop,
December 16, 2004
The Russian Imperial Academy
and Western Transcaucasia (late-eighteenth century to the 1850s)
By George Hewitt, Conference, Research and Identity: non-Russian
Peoples in the Russian Empire, 1800-1855, 14-17 June 2006, Finland
T H E N
O R T H
C
A U C A S U S
History of Northern Caucasus
By V. Nabatchikov, State Museum of Oriental Art, Moscow
Peoples
of the Caucasus
By John Colarusso, Professor in the Anthropology Department
of McMaster University, Ontario
Abkhazia, Georgia & the Circassians (N. W. Caucasus)
George Hewitt, Professor of Caucasian Languages, SOAS,
London University
New Political Boundaries in the
Caucasus
By W.E.D. Allen, The Geographical Journal, Vol. 69, No. 5. (May,
1927)
The Caucasian
Borderland
By W.E.D. Allen, Meeting of the Society, 4 May 1942
North Caucasus The Region, The Republics and The Peoples
By Helen Krag and Lars
Funch
The indigenous elites
and the construction of ethnic identities in the North Caucasus
By Michael Khodarkovsky, Conf., Research and Identity: non-Russian Peoples in
the Russian Empire, 1800-1855, 14-17 June 2006, Finland
Russia and the North
Caucasus
Introduction from ''The North Caucasus Barrier'', by Marie B. Broxup
American Interest in the Caucasus
By Paul B. Henze, June 2003
Islam in the North
Caucasus
The Example of Chechnia,
by Paul B. Henze
North Caucasus Articles
Articles and researches about North Caucasia from various authors
North Caucasian Bibliography and Library
More than 4000 references, including some 450 links to on-line
books, articles and documents
Collected and Prepared by: Amjad Jaimoukha
(Including Abkhaz Material)
Caucasus Maps
Photo Gallery
M
Y T H O L O G Y
Nart
Sagas From The Caucasus
By John Colarusso, McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario
Myths
from the Forests of Circassia
By John Colarusso
Prometheus among the Circassians
By John Colarusso
The
Woman of the Myths: the Satanaya Cycle
The Annual of the Society for the Study of Caucasia 2: 3-11., 1989, By John
Colarusso
The Nart Epos: The Fountain-Head Of Circassian Mythology
Amjad Jaimoukha's Page
Aetiological Remarks And Legends In The Context Of Abkhazian Nart Epic
By Zurab Jopua, Abkhazia
Regarding The Myth of "Abriskil''
By Bagrat Shinkuba
The
Shamaness of the Abkhazians
By Andrejs Johansons, History of Religions,
1972
An Amazonian Custom in the
Caucasus
By John Abercromby, Folklore, Vol. 2, No. 2. (Jun., 1891)
Hantse
Guashe: A Ceremony of the Puppet Princess
Hantse Guashe is a kind of ritual and ceremony for the raining
G
E N E R A L
A
R T I C L E S &
D
O C U M E N T S
Travels in Circassia, Krim Tartary, Etcetera
By Edmund Spencer, Esq. (originally published in 1837)
Circassia
The Project Gutenberg eBook, Far Off, by Favell Lee
Mortimer
Circassia; or, A tour to the Caucasus
By George Leighton Ditson,
New York, 1850
Life of Schamyl And Narrative of
the Circassian War of Independence Against Russia
By J. Milton Mackie, 1856
Invasion of Circassia by the Russians
The Annual Register, 1836, (Manners and Customs)
Circassian Navy during Russian-Caucasian War
By A.Y. Chirg, Krasnodar, Institute of the Culture
Views in Circassia, with
Notes by the Late Admiral Saumarez Brock
By Saumarez Brock, 1892
Circassia and Circassians in the
Historical Books & Magazines
Full view Books, Google Book Search
Scotland and Circassia
By Samir Khotko, History of the
Circassians in the Middle Ages and the Modern Times
Lord Palmerston And Circassia
The Story of the Life of Lord Palmerston by Karl Marx 1853,
Article 8
Circassia And The Circassians
The Penny
Magazine of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, April, 1838
The
Circassians
Kelley's Weekly, 15 Feb. 1868, A Journal Of The Times, NewYork
Deputation Of Circassian Chiefs
To The Sultan
The Illustrated London News, 24 May 1856
Ermolov - Proconsul of the Caucasus
By Michael Whittock,
Russian Review,
1959
The mysterious world of the peoples of the Caucasus
Reports of the Caucasus written by Scottish
and Irish missionaries in the 19th century and the medieval ages
Circassian Repatriation: When Culture is Stronger than Politics
By John
Colarusso
History and Memory
By Georgi Derluguian, Northwestern University
A Country Study: The Republic of Adygeya
By Zeynel A. Besleney
Life Standard In The
Post-Soviet Context: The Case of The Republic of Adygeya
A Thesis Submitted To The Graduate School of Social Sciences of
Middle East Technical Universty, By Cemre Erciyes
The Congress of the
International Circassian Association: Dilemmas of an Ethno-National Movement
By Chen Bram,
The Hebrew Universty of Jerusalem
Circassian
Mamluks period (1382-1517)
The Circassians In The Memlük
Kingdom
By David Ayalon (Neustadt), Journal of the American Oriental
Society, 1949
I. Mamalik Sultans in Egypt and Syria (The
Circassians in the Mamluk Kingdom)
Chronological table. From the Book of Samir Khotko ''Genesis
of Circassian elites in Mamluk Sultanat and Ottoman Empire'', Maykop, 1999
The Circassian Quabba-s of Abbas Avenue, Khartoum
By Andrew McGregor in Nordic
Journal of African Studies, vol. 10, no. 1, 2001, pp 28-40.
Circassian Princes in Poland: The Five Princes
By Marcin Kruszynski
Prehistories of Globalization: Circassian Identity in Motion
By Seteney Shami
Circassian
Encounters: The Self as Other and the Production of the Homeland in the North
Caucasus
By Seteney Shami
Circassian Cuisine
Edited by Amjad Jaimoukha, Jordan
Circassian Names
Edited by Amjad Jaimoukha
Voltaire on Circassian
Medicine: Inoculation
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Circassian Sportsmen
Circassian
Weaponry
Proverbs and Sayings of the
Caucasian Mountain Peoples
Compiled by Oleg Shamba
The
Kabardin Horses
The world's best mountain breed
Russian Literature and Empire: Conquest of the Caucasus from Pushkin to Tolstoy
By Susan Layton
Colonial Mimicry and
Disenchantment in Alexander Druzhinin’s ‘’A Russian Circassian’’ and Other
Stories
By Susan Layton
A Hero of
Our Time
By Mikhail Lermontov 1840, 1841
String Quartet No. 2 in F Major Op. 92 (On Kabardinian Themes)
Sergei
Prokofiev, 1942, Nalchik
Islamey: An Oriental Fantasy
Islamey: an Oriental Fantasy is a fantasy for piano
by Russian composer Mily Balakirev, written in September 1869
A Circassian Chief
Painting
of Sir William Allan, 1843
D
I A S P O R A
The North Caucasian Diaspora In Turkey
May 1996, UNHRC / The UN Refugee Agency
Circassian Diaspora in Turkey: Stereotypes, Prejudices and Ethnic Relations
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayhan Kaya,
Istanbul Bilgi University, Department of
International Relations
Political Participation Strategies of the Circassian Diaspora in Turkey
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ayhan Kaya, Istanbul Bilgi Universty
Race Against Time for Circassian in Turkey
Can the North Caucasian diaspora in Turkey
grasp an opportunity to revive their historic languages?
By Zeynel A. Besleney
Conflict Over Language Rights: The
Case Of Kurds And Circassians In Turkey
By Burcu Toksabay, Conflict Analysis and
Resolution, M.A. Thesis, 2005, Sabancı University
The Circassians in Jordan
Photos from
MGA Production & Article about Circassians in Jordan by
Amjad Jaimoukha
The Circassians in Jordan and
Syria
from the book: ‘‘Heroes and Emperors in Circassian History’’
by Shawket Mufti (Habjoka)
The Circassian Colonies at Ammân and
Jerash
By Dean A. Walker, The Biblical World, 1894
Amman
Journal; Seeking Roots Beyond the Nation They Helped Establish
August 10, 2006, Thursday, By Michael Slackman (New York Times)
Circassian Re-Immigration To The Caucasus
By Chen Bram, Truman Institue, The Hebrew
Universty of Jerusalem
The Circassians
in Israel
By Abzakh Edris & Article about Rihania
village by Talia Carman
Circassian Israelis:
Multilingualism As a Way of Life
By Isabelle Kreindler, Marsha Bensoussan, Eleanor Avinor & Chen
Bram, 1995
Muslim revivalism and the emergence of civic society. A case study of an Israeli-Circassian
community
By Chen Bram, Central Asian Survey (March, 2003) 22 (1), 5–21
A B K H A Z I A -
A
P S N Y
Abkhazians - Who are they?
By Y.N. Voronov
History of Abkhazia and Abkhazians
English, Francaise, Deutsch, Русский, Türkçe
(Kapba.de)
Constitution of The Republic
of Abkhazia (Apsny)
The Georgian-Abkhazian
Conflict
By Alexander Krylov, The Security of the Caspian Sea Region,
Oxford University Press, 2001
The Georgian - Abkhaz Conflict: Past, Present, Future
JRL Research & Analytical Supplement, Issue No: 24, May 2004
The
Georgian-Abkhazian Conflict: In Search of Ways out
By Viacheslav A. Chirikba, Leiden University, Netherlands
Abkhazia is Abkhazia
By Stanislav
Lakoba,
Central Asian
Survey, vol. 14, no. 1
Abkhazia's Liberation and
International Law
By
E.
K. Adzhindzhal, Sukhum,
2007
About the War and
After
Documents about Georgian - Abkhazian War / Kapba.de
A Short
Chronicle of Events
of the 1992-93 Georgian-Abkhazian War
Post-war Developments in the Georgian-Abkhazian Dispute
By George Hewitt,
Parliamentary Human Rights Group June 1996
Testimonies about Georgian-Abkhazian War
Asarkial Human Rights Group
Abkhazian Conflict: Nine
Questions and answers
Andreas Andersen’s assertions and George Hewitt's responses
Stories
of two young men who died for their Adyghe honour and pride in
Georgian-Abkhazian War
Divunej Jiraslan (from Anzorey Village, Died in his 24) & Pej
Zaur (from Nalchik, Died in his 23), Record File
Abkhazia
in the Context of Contemporary International Relations
Pitsunda Conference,
Abkhazia: June 29 - July 1, 2004 (Presentations)
Historical-Legal Factors of Georgian - Abkhazian Relations
Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Abkhazia
Abkhazia Reports of UNPO
The Unrepresented Nations
and Peoples Organization
Abkhazia: Ways Forward
International Crisis Group, Europe Report N°179, 18 January 2007
 Atlas of Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus (1774-04) by A.Tsutsiev |
 Complementation in Kabardian By Muhadin Kumakhov & Karina Vamling |
Kazbek of Kabarda Kavkas Book Two Mohydeen I. Quandour |
 Highlanders By Yo'av Karny |
L
A N G U A G E
Northwest Caucasian Languages
Abkhaz, Abaza, Adyghe, Kabardian, Ubykh
The Circassian Language
Amjad Jaimoukha's Page
The Circassian Language
Alphabet, Samples, Numbers, Days, Months, Greetings, Circassian
Proverbs
Ergative Case In The Circassian Languages
Mukhadin Kumakhov, Karina Vamling and Zara Kumakhova, Lund Universty, Department
of Linguistic
On Root And Subordinate Clause
Structure in Kabardian
Mukhadin Kumakhov and Karina Vamling
Phonetic Structures of
Turkish Kabardian
Matthew Gordon and Ayla Applebaum, University of California,
Santa Barbara
Information Structure And Clause Combining In Adyghe
Nina Sumbatova, Russian State Universty of the Humanities, 2005
The Abkhaz Language
By George Hewitt
The Abkhazian language and its
place in the Caucasian family of languages
Dr. Philol. Khibla Amichba
An Ubykh Sampler
Compiled, translated and analyzed By John Colarusso, 2001
Tevfik Esenç
The Last Ubykh.
He was the last person able to speak the language they called
Ubykh
Language-planning for North
Caucasian Languages in Turkey
By George Hewitt. Prepared for the Istanbul Conference of 6 Oct
2002
Materials about Northwest Caucasian
Languages
Sample sound files, researches, publications
Archaeology and Ethnology of
Abkhazia
Археология и этнография Абхазии / Archaeology, History, Music,
Map, Photos
GOLD OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS
Археология Кавказа, Archaeology of Caucasus
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